ALONE

I AM ALONE

INTRESTING THINGS ABOUT OUR NATION INDIA ........ BY MR . PARESH

1. The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
2. The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name `Hindustan' combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus
3. Chess was invented in India.
4. Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies, which originated in India
5. The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built in 1893 after levelling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
6. India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world
7. The largest employer in the world is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people
8. Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world (Source : Gemological Institute of America).
9. The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word 'NAVGATIH'. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.
10. Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over 2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery and brain surgeries.
11. India exports software to 90 countries.

FUEL CELL ----- paresh

How Fuel Cells Work:
The most promising model of fuel cell technology is called the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) which uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical energy and water. It has four main parts: an anode (a negatively charged material through which hydrogen gas is pumped); a cathode (a positively-charged material through which oxygen gas is pushed); a catalyst (situated between the cathode and anode and facilitates the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen); and the proton exchange member (conducts positively charged ions and blocks negatively charged ions).
Pressurized hydrogen (H2) enters the fuel cell through the anode side and is pushed through the catalyst which forms two positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) and two negatively charged electrons. The anode 'transfers' the electrons through an external circuit (this forms an electrical charge) which then transfers it back to the cathode side, where they interact with negatively-charged oxygen atoms.
The oxygen atoms are formed when oxygen gas (O2) is pushed through the cathode and catalyst, where they are 'split' to form two negatively-charged oxygen atoms. They will attract two positively charged hydrogen ions (H2) and they will combine to form water (H2O).
The reaction in a single fuel cell produces around 0.7 volts of electricity. A combination of PEMFCs (called a fuel-cell stack) combines the output of several PEMFCs to produce

EARTH SPIN

One of the basic questions regarding the earth is, how fast does it spin? The earth is constantly spinning; it spins around its axis. An axis in this case is an imaginary line running through the center of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. To calculate how fast the earth spins, we need to know a few details.
To figure out the speed of the earth at the equator, we need to know the circumference of the earth at the equator. The circumference of the earth at the equator is 25, 040 miles (40,070 KM). The earth makes a full revolution once a day-about every 24 hours (an exact day is 23 hours 56 minutes 04. 09053 seconds). Once we know the circumference and time required for one revolution, we can simply divide 25040/24. The answer to how fast the earth spins is at the equator is 1,038 miles per hour (1674.66km/hr).
The Earth's Speed Differs Depending on Location:
It should be noted that the earth speed is not the same all over the globe; in fact the earth's speed can vary depending on the distance from the equator to the poles. For instance, the earth's speed is fastest at the equator- where the circumference has the most distance to travel around the axis. At the equator, the earth spins at 1,038 mph, as stated above, however if you are directly on the North or South Pole, the distance for the earth to revolve around the axis is practically zero meaning that the earth's speed is extremely slow. In fact, the earth's speed at the North or South Pole is about one centimeter per 24 hour period.
If you live midway between the poles and the equator (e.g. New York or Europe), the earth still spins fast, but not as fast as it does at the equator. Speeds for these locations are approximately 700 to 900 mph (1125 to 1450 kph).

ATOMIC CLOCK

Timekeeping devices usually contain or are connected to a machine that swings back and forth or oscillates at a constant rate to control the movement of hands or the rate of change of digits. Mechanical or analog clocks use balance wheels, pendulums and tuning forks as well as quartz crystals as their oscillating machinery for time measurement.
Atomic clocks operate in much the same way - except that they use the frequency of the oscillation of atoms or molecules to measure time - thus the name 'atomic clocks'.
How an Atomic Clocks Works:
A typical atomic clock consists of a cavity in which the core element (usually Cesium-133) is heated to release its atoms. The atoms released have varying electrical charges. The atoms are passed through a vacuum tube then through a magnetic field where only atoms with the correct energy state are allowed to pass through.
The selected low-energy atoms then pass through a concentrated microwave field which is produced by a transmitter controlled by a quartz crystal oscillator that's set to vibrate at 9,192,631,770 Hertz or cycles per second. The frequency of the microwave field isn't always exact and varies from the required vibration, but the variation is always minimal and the correct frequency is cyclically attained.
An atom changes to a high energy state only if it passes through exactly at a time when the microwave field is at the correct frequency. Atoms which have changed energy states are detected and monitored by a device at the end of the vacuum tube.
At this point, another magnetic field sorts and filters the atoms out to identify atoms with the correct energy state. If the atoms counted go below a set threshold level, then the crystal oscillator is not functioning properly and is adjusted so that it is transmitting at the proper frequency. A separate device then converts the oscillation frequency to pulses of exactly one second each.

ROBONAUT (PARESH)

A robonaut is a robot designed to assist humans in space exploration missions. As temperatures in space can range from -100 degrees Celsius to 120 degrees Celsius, astronauts need to wear space suits that cost 12 million dollars apiece. They also need at least a few hours of preparation before they can respond to any emergencies like external repairs on an international space station caused by collisions with space matter. Because of these inherent difficulties that human astronauts face, robonauts that can be fielded in far less time and with far less cost are being considered.
A robonaut will be made of Aluminum, Teflon and Kevlar padding to give it protection against debris and fire. It will stand 1.93 meters tall, weigh 182 kilograms, and use a power PC processor and a VxWorks operating system.

SNAKEBOT

Snakebots are the next generation robotic probes that NASA is planning to develop in order to explore other worlds. Snakebots are named such because of their ability to move like biological snakes. Furthermore, they can change their shapes in order to accomplish different tasks such as digging under the soil, climbing over obstacles, moving around a different environment, etc
The body of a snakebot is composed of 30 identical modules linked together to form a chain. A central spine will act as the communication pathway between the modules and will be responsible for giving the commands to individual modules in order for them to work together in performing a task.A snakebot has a central computer which is responsible for communicating with the smaller computers on each of the attached modules. The central computer is the origin of commands and is responsible for coordinating the modules in performing a task. The modules are connected to by wires to create a network.